![]() ![]() Every 2 years, participants provide updated information via mailed questionnaires regarding lifestyle, medical history, and newly diagnosed medical illnesses. The Nurses' Health Study is a prospective cohort of 121 700 US female registered nurses aged 30 to 55 years at enrollment in 1976. Thus, we accessed data from the Nurses' Health Study, a large cohort of women, to examine prospectively whether caffeine consumption or intake of certain caffeinated beverages is associated with the risk of depression. 8 Identification of risk factors for depression among women and the development of new preventive strategies are, therefore, a public health priority. 6ĭepression is a chronic and recurrent illness that affects twice as many women as men, 7 and approximately 20% of US women will be affected during their lifetime. In 3 cohort studies, 2 from the United States and 1 from Finland, 4 - 6 strong inverse associations have been reported between coffee consumption and suicide, which is strongly associated with depression, and a J-shaped relationship was noted for coffee and suicide risk in a Finnish cohort. To our knowledge, only 1 prospective study 3 among men has examined the association between coffee consumption and depression risk, reporting a significant inverse association between coffee drinking and depression but no association with tea or other caffeinated beverages. 2 However, its effect on depression is poorly understood and is understudied. Further investigations are needed to confirm this finding and to determine whether usual caffeinated coffee consumption can contribute to depression prevention.Ĭaffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is the world's most frequently ingested psychoactive substance, 1 with approximately 80% consumed in the form of coffee. Decaffeinated coffee was not associated with depression risk.Ĭonclusions In this large longitudinal study, we found that depression risk decreases with increasing caffeinated coffee consumption. Multivariate relative risk of depression was 0.80 (95% confidence interval, 0.68-0.95 P for trend = .02) for women in the highest (≥550 mg/d) vs lowest (<100 mg/d) of the 5 caffeine consumption categories. Compared with women consuming 1 or less cup of caffeinated coffee per week, the multivariate relative risk of depression was 0.85 (95% confidence interval, 0.75-0.95) for those consuming 2 to 3 cups per day and 0.80 (0.64-0.99 P for trend <.001) for those consuming 4 cups per day or more. Results During 10 years of follow-up (1996-2006), 2607 incident cases of depression were identified. Relative risks of clinical depression were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Clinical depression was defined as self-reported physician-diagnosed depression and antidepressant use. Consumption of caffeine was measured from validated questionnaires completed from May 1, 1980, through April 1, 2004, and computed as cumulative mean consumption with a 2-year latency period applied. Methods A total of 50 739 US women (mean age, 63 years) free of depressive symptoms at baseline (in 1996) were prospectively followed up through June 1, 2006. ![]() However, studies that analyze prospectively the relationship between coffee or caffeine consumption and depression risk are scarce. Shared Decision Making and Communicationīackground Caffeine is the world's most widely used central nervous system stimulant, with approximately 80% consumed in the form of coffee.Scientific Discovery and the Future of Medicine.Health Care Economics, Insurance, Payment.Clinical Implications of Basic Neuroscience.Challenges in Clinical Electrocardiography.Adjusted for age (continuous) interval total energy intake (continuous) current menopausal hormones (binary) smoking status (never, past, or current smoker) body mass index (<25.0, 25.0-29.9, or ≥30.0) (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) physical activities (quintiles) marital status (married or partnered widowed or separated, divorced, or single) not involved in a church, volunteer, or community group (binary) retired (binary) reported diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (binary) cancer (binary) high blood pressure (binary) or myocardial infarction or angina (binary) and Mental Health Index score (86-100, 76-85, 53-75) in 1996. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals.Caffeine was calculated from coffee and noncoffee sources (tea, soft drinks, and chocolate) and adjusted for total energy intake with a residual model. Multivariate-adjusted relative risks (RR) of clinical depression according to caffeine consumption ( P for trend = .02). ![]()
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